The 21 Gun
Salute
What is the origin of the 21-gun
salute?
The use of gun salutes for military occasions is traced to early warriors
who demonstrated their peaceful intentions by placing their weapons in
a position that rendered them ineffective. Apparently this custom was universal,
with the specific act varying with time and place, depending on the weapons
being used. A North African tribe, for example, trailed the points of their
spears on the ground to indicate that they did not mean to be hostile.
The tradition of rendering a salute by cannon originated in the 14th
century as firearms and cannons came into use. Since these early devices
contained only one projectile, discharging them once rendered them ineffective.
Originally warships fired seven-gun salutes--the number seven probably
selected because of its astrological and Biblical significance. Seven planets
had been identified and the phases of the moon changed every seven days.
The Bible states that God rested on the seventh day after Creation, that
every seventh year was sabbatical and that the seven times seventh year
ushered in the Jubilee year.
Land batteries, having a greater supply of gunpowder, were able to fire
three guns for every shot fired afloat, hence the salute by shore batteries
was 21 guns. The multiple of three probably was chosen because of the mystical
significance of the number three in many ancient civilizations. Early gunpowder,
composed mainly of sodium nitrate, spoiled easily at sea, but could be
kept cooler and drier in land magazines. When potassium nitrate improved
the quality of gunpowder, ships at sea adopted the salute of 21 guns.
The 21-gun salute became the highest honor a nation rendered. Varying
customs among the maritime powers led to confusion in saluting and return
of salutes. Great Britain, the world's preeminent seapower in the 18th
and 19th centuries, compelled weaker nations to salute first, and for a
time monarchies received more guns than did republics. Eventually, by agreement,
the international salute was established at 21 guns, although the United
States did not agree on this procedure until August 1875.
The gun salute system of the United States has changed considerably
over the years. In 1810, the "national salute" was defined by
the War Department as equal to the number of states in the Union--at that
time 17. This salute was fired by all U.S. military installations at 1:00
p.m. (later at noon) on Independence Day. The President also received a
salute equal to the number of states whenever he visited a military installation.
In 1842, the Presidential salute was formally established at 21 guns.
In 1890, regulations designated the "national salute" as 21 guns
and redesignated the traditional Independence Day salute, the "Salute
to the Union," equal to the number of states. Fifty guns are also
fired on all military installations equipped to do so at the close of the
day of the funeral of a President, ex-President, or President-elect.
Today the national salute of 21 guns is fired in honor of a national
flag, the sovereign or chief of state of a foreign nation, a member of
a reigning royal family, and the President, ex-President and President-elect
of the United States. It is also fired at noon of the day of the funeral
of a President, ex-President, or President-elect.
Gun salutes are also rendered to other military and civilian leaders
of this and other nations. The number of guns is based on their protocol
rank. These salutes are always in odd numbers.
Source: Headquarters, Military District of Washington, FACT SHEET:
GUN SALUTES, May 1969.
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